Medical brain notes 15

  ACUTE INFLAMMATION Acute inflammation is an immediate response to injury or infection, which is part of innate immunity. ·              Short duration in normal host ·              Cardinal signs of inflammation include rubor (redness); calor (heat); tumor (swelling); dolor (pain); functio laesa (loss of function). The important components of acute inflammation are hemodynamic changes,  neu-trophils , and chemical mediators. Hemodynamic Changes 1)          Initial transient vasoconstriction   2)          Massive vasodilatation mediated by histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins   3)          Increased vascular permeability   ·                Chemical med...

  CHRONIC INFLAMMATION Causes of chronic inflammation include the following: ·              Following a bout of acute inflammation ·              Persistent infections ·              Infections with certain organisms, including viral infections, mycobacteria, parasitic infections, and fungal infections ·              Autoimmune diseases ·              Response to foreign material ·              Response to malignant tumors   There are several  important cells  in chronic inflammation. ·              Macrophages  are derived from blood monocytes. Tiss...

  TISSUE RESPONSES TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS Infectious diseases are very prevalent worldwide and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Infectious agents tend to have  tropism  for specific tissues and organs. There are  6 major histologic patterns: ·                Exudative inflammation  is acute inflammatory response with neutrophils.Examples include bacterial meningitis, bronchopneumonia, and abscess.   ·                Necrotizing inflammation  occurs when a virulent organism produces severetissue damage and extensive cell death. Examples include necrotizing fasciitis and necrotizing pharyngitis.   ·                Granulomatous inflammation. Granulomatous response predominates withslow-growing organisms such as mycobacteria, fungi, ...