Liver Dysfunction

 LIVER DYSFUNCTION 

Dysfunction of the liver may be divided into 4 categories that may coexist:

 

•         Hepatic failure occurs in the setting of hepatic necrosis secondary to acute liver failure, chronic liver disease, and hepatocyte dysfunction.

 

•         Portal hypertension occurs in the setting of cirrhosis or increased portal venous blood flow.

 

•         Cholestasis occurs in the setting of impaired bile flow due to hepatocyte dysfunction or biliary obstruction.

 

•         Cirrhosis occurs in the setting of hepatocyte injury and is usually an irrevers-ible nodular regeneration that is end stage.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Overview of Pathology

Image
  Definitions The study of the essential nature of disease, including symptoms/signs, patho-genesis, complications, and morphologic consequences including structural and functional alterations in cells, tissues, and organs   The study of all aspects of the disease process focusing on the pathogenesis leading to classical structural changes (gross and histopathology) and molecu-lar alterations   The  etiology  (cause) of a disease may be genetic or environmental. The  pathogen-esis  of a disease defines the temporal sequence and the patterns of cellular injurythat lead to disease.  Morphologic  changes of the disease process include both gross changes and microscopic changes. The  clinical significance  of a disease relates to its signs and symptoms, disease course including complications, and prognosis. Methods Used Gross examination  of organs on exam questions has 2 major components: identify-ing the organ and identifying the...
Read more

Shock

  SHOCK Shock is characterized by vascular collapse and widespread hypoperfusion of cells and tissue due to reduced blood volume, cardiac output, or vascular tone. The cel-lular injury is initially reversible; if the hypoxia persists, the cellular injury becomes irreversible, leading to the death of cells and the patient. Major Causes of Shock ·                Cardiogenic shock  (pump failure) can be due to myocardial infarction, car-diac arrhythmias, pulmonary embolism, and cardiac tamponade.   ·                Hypovolemic shock  (reduced blood volume) can be due to hemorrhage, fluidloss secondary to severe burns, and severe dehydration.   ·                Septic shock  (viral or bacterial infection) causes cytokines to trigger vaso­dilatation and hy...
Read more

Malignant Neoplasms

Image
  MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS Carcinoma of the breast  is the most common cancer in women and affects 1 in 9   women in the United States. It is also the second most common cause of cancer death. The incidence is increasing and is higher in the United States than in Japan. Many risk factors have been identified.   The incidence increases with the following factors:   •           Age   •           Unusually long/intense exposure to estrogens (long length of reproductive life, nulliparity, obesity, exogenous estrogens)   •           Presence of proliferative fibrocystic changes, especially  atypical hyperplasia   •           First-degree relative with breast cancer   Hereditary influences are thought to be involved in 5–10% of  breast cancers, with important genes a...
Read more