Myocarditis is caused by infectious (coxsackie A and B viruses, Chagas disease) andimmune causes. Clinically, the patient may be asymptomatic or may suffer from acute heart failure or even dilated cardiomyopathy.
LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS Lymphoid neoplasia is grouped according to the 2008 WHO classification as follows (note that B and T lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia is grouped by the WHO with myeloid neoplasia): • Mature B-cell neoplasms • Mature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms • Hodgkin lymphoma • Histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms • Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders
INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS Suppurative arthritis may result from seeding of the joint during bacteremia. Other routes include spread from an adjacent site of infection and direct inoculation. Infecting organisms include gonococci, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus , H. influen-zae , and gram-negative bacilli. Suppurative arthritis causes a tender, painful, swollen, and erythematous joint. Large joints (knee, hip, shoulder) are most often infected, and the arthritis is usually monoarticular. Joint aspiration shows cloudy synovial fluid that clots readily and has a high neutrophil count. Gram stain and culture are positive in 50–70% of cases. Treatment is rapid intervention with antibiotics to prevent permanent joint damage. Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi . The disease is arthro-pod-borne, spread by deer ticks ( Ixodes dammini ). Symptoms are skin rash (ery-thema chronicum migrans), and migratory...
NORMOCYTIC ANEMIAS Anemias of blood loss. Acute blood loss may cause shock or death. If the patient sur-vives, the resulting hemodilution caused by shift of water from the interstitium will lower the hematocrit. There will be a marked reticulocytosis in 5–7 days. Chronic blood loss, such as from the gastrointestinal tract or from the gynecologic system, may result in iron deficiency anemia. Hemolytic anemias. · In intravascular (IV) hemolysis , release of hemoglobin into the blood causes hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria; increased bilirubin from erythrocytes causes jaundice and an increased risk of pigment (bilirubin) gallstones. The hemoglobin may be oxidized to methemoglobin, which causes methemoglo-binemia and methemoglobinuria. Markedly decreased (because they have been used up) hemoglobin-binding proteins in the blood, such as haptoglobin and hemopexin, are characteristic. No splenomegaly is seen...
Comments
Post a Comment